{"id":1037385,"date":"2023-03-24T23:47:17","date_gmt":"2023-03-24T23:47:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dissidentvoice.org\/?p=139072"},"modified":"2023-03-24T23:47:17","modified_gmt":"2023-03-24T23:47:17","slug":"how-chelsea-mannings-court-martial-laid-the-groundwork-for-julian-assanges-prosecution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/2023\/03\/24\/how-chelsea-mannings-court-martial-laid-the-groundwork-for-julian-assanges-prosecution\/","title":{"rendered":"How Chelsea Manning\u2019s Court-Martial Laid the Groundwork for Julian Assange\u2019s Prosecution"},"content":{"rendered":"

Adapted from Guilty of Journalism: The Political Case against Julian Assange<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Private First Class Chelsea Manning received the harshest punishment any United States military officer or federal government employee has ever received for leaking classified information to the press. Colonel Denise Lind, the military judge presiding over her court-martial, sentenced Manning to thirty-five years at Fort Leavenworth prison in Kansas. <\/p>\n

She was found guilty<\/a> of six charges under the Espionage Act, five stealing charges, one charge involving the \u201cwanton publication\u201d of \u201cintelligence,\u201d multiple charges of \u201cfailure to obey an order or regulation,\u201d and one charge under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Notably, Manning was acquitted of an \u201caiding the enemy\u201d offense that carried a potential sentence of life in prison.<\/p>\n

Manning was never charged with any conspiracy offenses, and, unlike the charges against Assange, military prosecutors did not accuse her of attempting to crack a password hash. Even with logs from alleged chats between Manning and Assange, there was scant evidence that Assange or any WikiLeaks staff attempted to enlist her to leak. Prosecutors only expressed disgust that she had independently chosen to become a source and shared more than 700,000 documents. <\/p>\n

When Manning\u2019s trial occurred in 2013, WikiLeaks was not yet designated a \u201chostile intelligence agency\u201d by the CIA. However, by 2019, there was no longer division<\/a> in the government over whether to treat WikiLeaks as a journalistic entity or not. The indictment plainly claimed, \u201cTo obtain information to release on the WikiLeaks website, Assange recruited sources and predicated the success of WikiLeaks in part upon the recruitment of sources\u201d in order to \u201cillegally circumvent legal safeguards on information.\u201d <\/p>\n

Prosecutors at the Justice Department<\/a> (DOJ) would like the public to believe that Assange posted a \u201cMost Wanted Leaks\u201d list to the WikiLeaks website in 2009 to solicit leaks from \u201cinsiders\u201d like Manning, and Manning used it to determine which documents to provide to WikiLeaks.3 <\/sup><\/p>\n

Yet, this conspiracy theory, which forms the basis of criminal allegations against Assange, was promoted by military prosecutors during Manning\u2019s trial, and it was discredited by Manning\u2019s own statement to the court and David Coombs, her defense attorney. <\/p>\n

Despite Manning\u2019s statement, DOJ prosecutors concocted their own conspiracy theory to further their political case. Central to this theory is the \u201cMost Wanted Leaks\u201d list. <\/p>\n

On May 14, 2009, WikiLeaks requested nominations<\/a> from human rights groups, lawyers, historians, journalists, and activists for documents as well as databases from around the world that the media organization would work to expose.<\/p>\n

The list, according to prosecutors, was \u201corganized by country and stated that documents or materials nominated to the list must \u2018be likely to have political, diplomatic, ethical, or historical impact on release.\u2019\u201d WikiLeaks suggested the information should be \u201cplausibly obtainable to a well-motivated insider or outsider.\u201d <\/p>\n

With little to no evidence, military prosecutors called the list Manning\u2019s \u201cguiding light,\u201d<\/a> a characterization Manning\u2019s defense attorney David Coombs directly challenged during his closing argument.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was WikiLeaks saying, look, tell us, humanitarians, activists, NGOs, fellow reporters, what do you want to know in your country? What in your country is being hidden from the public that you believe the public should know? Give us a list,\u201d Coombs said. <\/p>\n

\u201cWe are going to compile that list, and we are going to work to obtain that list. What does this sound like? Any journalistic organization that has like a hotline or anything else says, call us. You got a story. Call us. We\u2019ll investigate.\u201d <\/p>\n

There were seventy-eight items on the list. As Coombs noted<\/a>, military prosecutors were only able to \u201cremotely\u201d tie Manning to \u201cfour of the things on the list.\u201d She could have used Intelink, which is a US intelligence network of top secret, secret, and unclassified databases, to search for specific items on the list. She did not.<\/p>\n

DOJ prosecutors emphasized in their indictment<\/a> that the list requested \u201cbulk databases,\u201d including Intellipedia, a classified Wikipedia for US intelligence analysts. Yet Manning never released this database to WikiLeaks, nor did she release the complete CIA Open Source Center database or PACER database containing US federal court records, which were listed as \u201cimportant bulk databases.\u201d <\/p>\n

Chat logs show Manning brought up the CIA Open Source Center on March 8, 2010, and a user, whom the government claims was Assange, replied, \u201cThat\u2019s something we want to mine entirely.\u201d But Manning never engaged in any attempts to download and transfer this database to WikiLeaks. <\/p>\n

Manning released four sets that could be labeled \u201cbulk databases.\u201d She released the Afghanistan and Iraq War Logs, the US State embassy cables in the Net-Centric Diplomacy database, and the database containing detainee assessments from Joint Task Force Guanta\u0301namo. None of those documents were on the \u201cMost Wanted Leaks\u201d list. <\/p>\n

DOJ prosecutors contended<\/a> Manning\u2019s searches on November 28, 2009, for \u201cretention+of+interrogation+videos\u201d and \u201cdetainee+abuse\u201d matched up with the \u201cMost Wanted Leaks\u201d list. However, at the time, WikiLeaks was interested in obtaining copies of any of the ninety-two CIA torture tapes that were destroyed as well as \u201cdetainee abuse photos withheld by the Obama administration.\u201d It is far more plausible that Manning searched for abuse photos or torture videos.<\/p>\n

Contrary to Manning\u2019s version of events, DOJ prosecutors insisted that Assange convinced Manning to find the detainee assessment briefs and release them<\/a>. FBI special agent Megan Brown, of the \u201ccounterespionage squad\u201d at the Washington Field Office in the District of Columbia, wrote, \u201cManning asked Assange, \u2018how valuable are JTF GTMO detention memos containing summaries, background info, capture info, etc?\u2019 Assange replied, \u2018Time period?\u2019 Manning answered, \u20182007\u20132008.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

Assange allegedly responded, \u201cQuite valuable to the lawyers of these guys who are trying to get them out, where those memos suggest their innocence\/bad procedure,\u201d and added, \u201calso valuable to merge into the general history. Politically, Gitmo is mostly over though.\u201d <\/p>\n

Yet in the messages Brown referenced, Assange never specifically asked Manning to provide the reports to WikiLeaks. He did not say whether WikiLeaks would publish the documents. He certainly did not solicit Manning to leak the detainee assessments. All Assange allegedly did was state his opinion that the documents were in the public interest. <\/p>\n

Prosecutors attempted to link Manning\u2019s disclosure of rules of engagement for US military forces in Iraq to the supposed \u201cMost Wanted Leaks\u201d list because it included \u201cIraq and Afghanistan U.S. Army Rules of Engagement 2007\u20132009.\u201d They suggested Manning provided the files to WikiLeaks on March 22, 2010, after Assange allegedly wrote on March 8, \u201cCurious eyes never run dry<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Manning said she uploaded the rules of engagement<\/a> with the \u201cCollateral Murder\u201d video on February 21, weeks before the alleged exchange with Assange.<\/p>\n

One lesser-known Espionage Act charge against Manning involved the alleged disclosure of video showing the Garani massacre by US military forces in the Farah province of Afghanistan. An air strike killed at least eighty-six Afghan civilians on May 4, 2009. She was acquitted, a fact that poses a problem for the DOJ\u2019s theory. <\/p>\n

According to evidence presented during the trial, Jason Katz, an employee at Brookhaven National Laboratory from February 2009 to March 2010, tried to help WikiLeaks and downloaded an encrypted file with the air strike video onto his work computer on December 15. Katz was unable to use a password-cracking tool to open the file. <\/p>\n

WikiLeaks indicated on Twitter on January 8, \u201cWe need supercomputer time.\u201d The media organization apparently had an encrypted file of the attack, but they were never able to decrypt the file. <\/p>\n

Military prosecutors attempted to connect Manning to Katz. They claimed during their case that Manning\u2019s earliest violations began on November 1, and Manning had provided the video to Katz to decrypt with a supercomputer. Although Manning searched and downloaded \u201cFarah\u201d files, the video Katz had did not match any of Manning\u2019s files. <\/p>\n

\u201cLet\u2019s go along with the government and its logic. Pfc. Manning hits the ground in Iraq in mid-November,\u201d Coombs argued. \u201cFor whatever reason, [her] motive, I\u2019m now going to use the 2009 \u2018Most Wanted [Leaks]\u2019 List as my guiding light. And I\u2019m going to give something to WikiLeaks. I\u2019m going to do it because I\u2019m now a traitor. I\u2019m now an activist. <\/p>\n

\u201cSo what is the first thing I\u2019m going to choose? What is the very first thing I\u2019m going to give to WikiLeaks and say look, WikiLeaks, I\u2019m for you? Well, I\u2019m going to give you an encrypted video I can\u2019t see. You can\u2019t see. Guess what? We don\u2019t have a password for it. By the way, you never asked for it. That\u2019s not on your 2009 \u2018Most Wanted [Leaks]\u2019 list.\u201d <\/p>\n

Coombs suggested, \u201cThis is kind of like someone showing up to a wedding and giving you something that\u2019s not on the list that you registered for. What do you think Pfc. Manning is doing at this point? According to the government, [she] is like, hey, you know what, I can go to the seventy-eight things that you want, but I don\u2019t want to give you that stuff.\u201d <\/p>\n

Military prosecutors seem to have failed to persuade the military judge that Manning used the \u201cMost Wanted Leaks\u201d list as her guide. Lind\u2019s \u201cspecial findings\u201d show she accepted evidence that Manning viewed a tweet from WikiLeaks on May 7, 2010, which requested a list of as many military email addresses as possible. This led Manning to compile a list of over 74,000 addresses for WikiLeaks. Except Lind did not find that WikiLeaks had solicited Manning to leak any of the more than 700,000 documents that were published. <\/p>\n

When the first indictment against Assange was disclosed by the Justice Department on April 11, 2019, the response<\/a> from some attorneys and advocates was mixed. It was widely viewed as \u201cnarrowly tailored\u201d to avoid \u201cbroader legal and policy implications.\u201d<\/p>\n

The DOJ did not accuse Assange of hacking into a US military computer. He was accused of \u201cconspiracy to commit computer intrusion\u201d when he allegedly \u201cagreed\u201d to assist Manning in \u201ccracking a password hash\u201d to help her browse information databases anonymously. <\/p>\n

DOJ prosecutors were already presented with evidence related to these allegations during Manning\u2019s trial. Patrick Eller, a command digital forensic examiner responsible for a team of more than eighty examiners at US Army Criminal Investigation Command headquarters, reviewed court-martial records for Assange\u2019s defense. He testified during the evidentiary hearing<\/a> in the extradition case in September 2020.<\/p>\n

Eller found testimony from the US military\u2019s own forensic expert that contradicted presumptions at the core of the computer crime charge. Password hashes are generally used to help authenticate users and passwords on a computer. Manning never provided the two files necessary to \u201creconstruct the decryption key\u201d for the password hash. According to Eller, at the time it was not \u201cpossible to crack an encrypted password hash, such as the one Manning obtained.\u201d <\/p>\n

James Lewis QC, a prosecutor for the Crown Prosecution Service, asked Eller if he agreed that Manning and Assange \u201cthought they could crack a password and agreed to attempt to crack a password.\u201d Eller told Lewis a hash was provided and that the account user that the US government associated with Assange said they had \u201crainbow tables for it.\u201d (Using \u201crainbow tables\u201d is one decryption method for cracking the hash by guessing different password values.) However, Manning never shared where she obtained the hash. <\/p>\n

\u201cThe government\u2019s own expert witness in the court-martial stated that was not enough for them to actually [crack the password],\u201d Eller added. A user must also have a system file to complete an attempt at password-cracking. During the Manning trial, David Shaver, a special agent for the Army Computer Crimes Investigating Unit, testified<\/a> that the \u201chash value\u201d was included in the chat, but it was not the \u201cfull hash value.\u201d<\/p>\n

Major Thomas Hurley, who was on Manning\u2019s defense team, asked if Manning would have needed more of the hash value to crack the password. Shaver replied, \u201cI mentioned the system file, you would need that part as well.\u201d (This was one of the two files Eller said were necessary for decryption.) <\/p>\n

\u201cSo the hash value included in the chat wouldn\u2019t be enough to actually gain any passwords or user information?\u201d Hurley asked. <\/p>\n

Shaver replied, \u201cCorrect.\u201d <\/p>\n

Eller\u2019s statement<\/a> submitted to the Westminster Magistrates\u2019 Court in London was even more explicit.<\/p>\n

Upon reading the indictment, it became clear that the technical explanation of the password hashing allegations is deficient in a number of ways which cast doubt upon the assertion that the purpose of the Jabber chat was for Manning to be able to download documents anonymously. <\/p>\n

Jabber is the software Manning used to chat with the account allegedly associated with Assange. <\/p>\n

Manning had already downloaded the Reykjavi\u0301k cable, Guanta\u0301namo Files, Iraq War Logs, and Afghanistan War Logs before the alleged exchange on password-cracking occurred. \u201cRoutinely in the course of work,\u201d according to Eller, she downloaded military incident reports to have \u201coffline backups\u201d in the event of \u201cconnectivity issues\u201d with the Secret Internet Protocol Router Network that hosted the information. <\/p>\n

\u201cThe only set of documents named in the indictment that Manning sent after the alleged password-cracking attempt were the State Department cables,\u201d he said. However, Eller acknowledged, \u201cManning had authorized access to these documents.\u201d Eller showed that soldiers at Forward Operating Base Hammer in Iraq, where Manning was stationed, constantly tried to crack administrative passwords to install programs that were not authorized for their computers. <\/p>\n

Jason Milliman, a computer engineer contracted to manage laptops at the base, testified during Manning\u2019s court-martial that \u201csoldiers cracked his password in order to install a program and then deleted his administrator account.\u201d <\/p>\n

As Eller asserted, Manning never would have tried to use a password hash to exfiltrate files for submission to WikiLeaks because she already had a way to anonymously access the files: a Linux CD that allowed her to bypass Windows security features. <\/p>\n

Sgt. David Sadtler, a soldier in Manning\u2019s battalion, testified that Manning proposed starting \u201csome sort of hash cracking business.\u201d The idea had already been done in the \u201copen source world.\u201d So \u201creimplementing it\u201d made sense to Sadtler. <\/p>\n

Eller concluded, \u201cWhile she was discussing rainbow tables and password hashes in the Jabber chat, she was also discussing the same topics with her colleagues. This, and the other factors previously highlighted, may indicate that the hash cracking topic was unrelated to leaking documents.\u201d <\/p>\n

During the court-martial, military prosecutors underscored the fact that Manning exchanged messages with a user identified as \u201cNathaniel Frank,\u201d a name the government believed was associated with Assange. <\/p>\n

Assange attorney Mark Summers QC asked Eller multiple times if he found evidence that linked Assange to this account. \u201cNo, I did not,\u201d Eller replied. <\/p>\n

Summers asked if Eller was aware of the person who sat at the other end of whatever computer terminal \u201cNathaniel Frank\u201d used. \u201cOf course not. I could not have that personal knowledge,\u201d Eller added. <\/p>\n

Major Ashden Fein, a military prosecutor, said during the closing argument<\/a>, \u201c[Manning] was a determined soldier with a knowledge, ability, and desire to harm the United States in its war effort. And, Your Honor, [she] was not a whistleblower. [She] was a traitor\u2014a traitor who understood the value of compromised information in the hands of the enemy and took deliberate steps to ensure they, along with the world, received all of it.\u201d<\/p>\n

The attacks on Manning\u2019s character<\/a> were nasty. In addition to questioning her loyalty to the United States, military prosecutors pejoratively labeled Manning an \u201canarchist\u201d and a \u201chacker.\u201d But missing from the prosecutors\u2019 narrative of her acts was any explicit claim that she collaborated with WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange or that she engaged in a password-cracking conspiracy. <\/p>\n

As Captain Joe Morrow, one of the military prosecutors, declared<\/a> during her sentencing: \u201cPfc. Manning is solely responsible for [her] crimes. Pfc. Manning is solely responsible for the impact.\u201d<\/p>\n

Manning was not an insider or spy who worked for WikiLeaks to steal US government documents. She had whistleblower motives that inspired her to take action. That is an inconvenient truth for prosecutors, who are compelled to deny her agency to bolster their arguments. <\/p>\n

In fact, submitting documents to WikiLeaks was not Manning\u2019s first choice. As she recounted in her 2022 memoir, README.txt<\/i>, \u201cWhile I shared WikiLeaks\u2019 stated commitment to transparency, I thought that for my purposes, it was too limited a platform. Most people back then had never heard of it. I worried that information on the site wouldn\u2019t be taken seriously.\u201d <\/p>\n

Manning used landlines, mostly at Starbucks, to reach out to \u201ctraditional publications.\u201d She contacted the Washington Post <\/i>in January 2010. During her court-martial she testified that a reporter she spoke to at the Post <\/i>had not taken her seriously. Next, she called the New York Times<\/i>. No one responded to the message she left for the Times<\/i>\u2019 public editor. She considered going to Politico<\/em>, but weather conditions hampered plans to travel to its offices in Arlington, Virginia. <\/p>\n

WikiLeaks, as she put it in her memoir, was \u201cthe publication of last resort<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>The post How Chelsea Manning\u2019s Court-Martial Laid the Groundwork for Julian Assange\u2019s Prosecution<\/a> first appeared on Dissident Voice<\/a>.\n

This post was originally published on Dissident Voice<\/a>. <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Adapted from Guilty of Journalism: The Political Case against Julian Assange Private First Class Chelsea Manning received the harshest punishment any United States military officer or federal government employee has ever received for leaking classified information to the press. Colonel Denise Lind, the military judge presiding over her court-martial, sentenced Manning to thirty-five years at [\u2026]<\/p>\n

The post How Chelsea Manning\u2019s Court-Martial Laid the Groundwork for Julian Assange\u2019s Prosecution<\/a> first appeared on Dissident Voice<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1521,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25840,59041,59047,177,117,118,562,205],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1037385"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1521"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1037385"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1037385\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1037386,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1037385\/revisions\/1037386"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1037385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1037385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1037385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}