Human Rights Watch’ submission discusses the risks climate activists have faced in Australia, India, and Uganda. It focuses on examples of activists under age 32, as requested by the UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights Defenders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Australia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Following increased climate protest activity in New South Wales (NSW), the government in March 2022 established a new police unit known as the Strike Force Guard. The unit is designed to \u201cprevent, investigate and disrupt unauthorized protests across the state.\u201d On April 1, the state parliament introduced new laws and penalties specifically targeting protests that blocked roads and ports. Protesters can now be fined up to AU$22,000 (US$15,250) and be jailed for up to two years for protesting without permission on public roads, rail lines, tunnels, bridges, and industrial estates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In 2022, Human Rights Watch interviewed three climate protesters who had been arrested and charged under the new laws. These cases indicate that climate protesters are being targeted for disproportionate punishment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Violet (Deanna) Coco, a 31-year-old activist, took part in a climate protest on April 13, 2022, that stopped traffic in one lane on the Sydney Harbor Bridge. Coco climbed on the roof of a parked truck and stood holding a lit emergency flare. After approximately 25 minutes, NSW police forcibly removed her and the other protesters from the road. Coco was charged with disrupting vehicles, interfering with the safe operation of a bridge, possessing a bright light distress signal in a public place, failing to comply with police direction, and resisting or hindering a police officer. She was also charged under explosives regulations for holding the emergency flare; with an incitement offense for \u201cencouraging the commission of a crime\u201d by livestreaming the protest on Facebook; and for uploading a video of a climate protest she took the previous week, and with disrupting traffic during three previous protests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Coco pleaded guilty to two charges \u2013 blocking traffic and failing to comply with police direction \u2013 and not guilty to the other charges. She was released on AU$10,000 (US$6,940) bail, but the magistrate ordered her not to leave her apartment for any purpose except for emergency medical assistance or to attend court. She was also ordered not to associate with any other Fireproof Australia member. Coco spent 21 days under what amounted to house arrest. On May 5, 2022, a magistrate amended her bail and, while she was allowed to leave her property, the authorities imposed a curfew banning her from leaving her address before 10 a.m. and after 3 p.m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In March 2023, Coco was issued with a 12-month conditional release order after a district court judge heard she had been initially imprisoned on false information provided by the New South Wales police.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In August 2022, the state of Victoria followed New South Wales with harsh new measures targeting environmental protesters at logging sites with up to 12 months in jail or $21,000 in fines. In Tasmania, environmental activists now face fines of $13,000 or two years in prison, while nongovernmental organizations that have been found to \u201csupport members of the community to protest\u201d face fines of over $45,000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On May 18, 2023, the South Australia government introduced harsh new anti-protest measures in the South Australian lower house in the morning and then rushed them through after lunch with bipartisan support after just 20 minutes of debate and no public consultation. The bill would increase the punishment for \u201cpublic obstruction\u201d 60-fold, from $750 to $50,000 or three months in jail, with activists also potentially facing orders to pay for police and other emergency services responding to a protest or action. On May 30, the laws were passed after a 14-hour debate in the South Australian upper house.<\/p>\n\n\n\n India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n In February 2021, Indian authorities arrested Ravi who was sent to police custody for five days. Indian authorities also issued arrest warrants\u00a0against Nikita Jacob, a lawyer, and Shantanu Muluk, an activist, who were\u00a0granted pre-arrest bail. The authorities alleged Ravi was the \u201ckey conspirator\u201d in editing and sharing an\u00a0online toolkit\u00a0shared by the Swedish Fridays for Future founder Greta Thunberg on social media, including Twitter, aimed at providing information to those seeking to peacefully support\u00a0ongoing\u00a0farmers protests. In granting bail to Ravi, the\u00a0Delhi court said\u00a0the evidence on record was \u201cscanty and sketchy,\u201d and that citizens cannot be jailed simply because they disagreed with government policies. It added: \u201cThe offense of sedition cannot be invoked to minister to the wounded vanity of governments.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Indian government has enforced Information Technology Rules that allow for greater governmental control over online content, threaten to weaken encryption, and seriously undermine media freedoms, rights to privacy, and freedom of expression online. These rules put youth and other human rights defenders and journalists at further risk of being targeted by the authorities for their online content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Uganda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Young people from across Uganda have faced reprisals for fighting for climate justice. On September 25, 2020, Ugandan police arrested and detained for eight hours eight youth climate activists while participating in the global climate strike in Kampala. The police told them election campaigns were not allowed, although the activists repeatedly explained that they were an environmental\u2014not a political\u2014movement. The activists, only two of whom were above the age of 18, were detained in a room for eight hours, questioned, and then allowed to leave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Human Rights Watch published a report that documented a range of restrictions on freedom of expression, association, and assembly related to oil development, including the planned East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) by the government. Civil society organizations and environmental defenders regularly report being harassed and intimidated, unlawfully detained, or arbitrarily arrested. Human Rights Watch interviewed 31 people in Uganda between March and October 2023, including 21 environmental defenders, and several of whom were under 32 years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Many student climate activists protesting EACOP have been arrested and charged with various offences in Kampala since 2021. These protests have been largely peaceful and usually small in scale. Since 2021, there have been at least 22 arrests, largely of students, at anti-EACOP protests in Kampala. Nine students were arrested in October 2022 after demonstrating support for the European Parliament resolution on EACOP and charged with \u201ccommon nuisance.\u201d Their case was finally dismissed on November 6, 2023, after more than 15 court appearances. Another four protesters were arrested on December 9, 2022, as they marched to the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) to demand a re-evaluation of the environmental damage caused by EACOP. One of the detainees was kept at an unknown location until the morning of December 12 when all four were released.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Another protesting student was arrested in Kampala on June 27, 2023, after trying to deliver a petition to the Speaker of the House of Uganda\u2019s parliament. He told Human Rights Watch he was taken to an unlawful place of detention known as a \u201csafe house\u201d with his hands tied behind his back, questioned by plain-clothed security officials about who was providing the funding for the protests, before he was knocked to the floor. He said he awoke two days later in the hospital with serious injuries. On July 11, 2023, five individuals were arrested after protesting EACOP in downtown Kampala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On September 15, 2023, four student protesters were arrested after a \u201cFridays for Future\u201d and \u201cStopEACOP\u201d joint protest at the Ugandan parliament as part of the \u201cGlobal Fight to End Fossil Fuels,\u201d a global mobilization and day of action. They were released on bond five days later and have been charged with \u201ccommon nuisance.\u201d Their next hearing is scheduled for November 27, 2023. One of the students described to Human Rights Watch being held in a room inside parliament and beaten by uniformed parliamentary security officials and others in civilian clothes with \u201cbatons, gun butts, and using their boots to step on our heads\u201d before being taken to Kampala\u2019s Central Police Station (CPS). At the CPS he described plainclothes intelligence officers asking: \u201cWho are your leaders? Among us, who is your leader? How many are you? Who are your leaders in different universities? Who is managing your social media accounts?\u201d They then described being beaten further in CPS cells by other prisoners, one of whom said, \u201cWe have order from above to discipline you. You need to stop working on EACOP.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Human Rights Watch encourages the Special Rapporteur to call on governments to:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/a><\/a> Submission to the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n