{"id":595766,"date":"2022-04-08T11:52:16","date_gmt":"2022-04-08T11:52:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caitlinjohnstone.com\/?p=11328"},"modified":"2022-04-08T11:52:16","modified_gmt":"2022-04-08T11:52:16","slug":"twitter-is-state-affiliated-media","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/2022\/04\/08\/twitter-is-state-affiliated-media\/","title":{"rendered":"Twitter IS \u201cState-Affiliated Media\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><a\nhref=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/going_rogue\/twitter-is-state-affiliated-media\">Listen to a reading of this article:<\/a><\/em><\/p><p><iframe\nwidth=\"1060\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?visual=true&#038;url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F1246615189&%23038;show_artwork=true&%23038;maxheight=1000&%23038;maxwidth=1060\"><\/iframe><\/p><p\nstyle=\"text-align: center;\">\u2756<\/p><p>British politician and broadcaster George Galloway has <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/politics\/george-galloway-twitter-russia-affiliated-b2052476.html\">made headlines in the UK<\/a> with his threat to press legal action against Twitter for designating his account &#8220;Russia state-affiliated media&#8221;, a label which will now show up under his name every time he posts anything on the platform.<\/p><p>&#8220;Dear @TwitterSupport\u00a0I am not &#8216;Russian State Affiliated media&#8217;,&#8221; reads a <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/georgegalloway\/status\/1511729349204103170\">viral tweet<\/a> by Galloway. &#8220;I work for NO Russian\u00a0media. I have 400,000 followers. I\u2019m the leader of a British political party and spent nearly 30 years in the British parliament. If you do not remove this designation I will take legal action.&#8221;<\/p><p>Galloway <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/5D-s3RA7EpQ?t=141\">argues<\/a> that while his broadcasts have previously been aired by Russian state media outlets RT and Sputnik, because those outlets have been shut down in the UK <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/variety.com\/2022\/tv\/global\/russia-rt-channel-uk-ban-ofcom-1235208872\/\">by Ofcom<\/a> and by\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2022\/03\/22\/ofco-m22.html\">European Union sanctions<\/a>\u00a0he can no longer be platformed by them even if he wants to. If you accept this argument, then it looks like Twitter is essentially using the &#8220;state-affiliated media&#8221; designation as a marker of <em>who Galloway is as a person<\/em>, rather than as a marker of what he actually <em>does<\/em>.<\/p><blockquote\nclass=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\"><p\nlang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Dear <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/TwitterSupport?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@TwitterSupport<\/a> I am not \u201cRussian State Affiliated media\u201d. I work for NO <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Russian?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Russian<\/a> media. I have 400,000 followers. I\u2019m the leader of a British political party and spent nearly 30 years in the British parliament. If you do not remove this designation I will take legal action.<\/p><p>&mdash; George Galloway (@georgegalloway) <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/georgegalloway\/status\/1511729349204103170?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">April 6, 2022<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote><p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p><p>Regardless of whether you agree with Galloway&#8217;s argument or not, this all overlooks the innate absurdity of a government-tied social media corporation like Twitter labeling other people &#8220;state-affiliated media&#8221;. Twitter <em>is<\/em>\u00a0state-affiliated media. It has been working in steadily increasing intimacy with the United States government since the US empire <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/caitlinjohnstone.substack.com\/p\/biden-administration-completely-kills?s=w\">began pressuring Silicon Valley platforms<\/a> to regulate content in support of establishment power structures following the 2016 election.<\/p><p>In 2020 Twitter was <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/archive.ph\/WFLKd\">one of the many Silicon Valley corporations<\/a> who coordinated directly with US government agencies to determine what content should be censored in order to &#8220;secure&#8221; the presidential election. In 2021 Twitter <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/blog.twitter.com\/en_us\/topics\/company\/2021\/disclosing-state-linked-information-operations-we-ve-removed\">announced<\/a>\u00a0that it was orchestrating mass purges of foreign accounts on the advice of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), which receives funding from many government institutions <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.aph.gov.au\/Parliamentary_Business\/Hansard\/Hansard_Display?bid=chamber\/hansards\/c220a265-e5aa-42c9-8cd9-19390fabb066\/&amp;sid=0012\">including the US State Department<\/a>.<\/p><p>&#8220;ASPI is the propaganda arm of the CIA and the U.S. government,&#8221; veteran Australian diplomat Bruce Haigh <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.mintpressnews.com\/aspi-think-tank-controlling-twitter\/279490\/\">told Mintpress News<\/a> earlier this year. &#8220;It is a mouthpiece for the Americans. It is funded by the American government and American arms manufacturers. Why it is allowed to sit at the center of the Australian government when it has so much foreign funding, I don\u2019t know. If it were funded by anybody else, it would not be where it is at.\u201d<\/p><p>Twitter has also coordinated its mass purges of accounts with a cybersecurity firm called FireEye, which\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/sputniknews.com\/20190528\/Twitter-Facebook-Delete-Iran-Linked-Accounts-Without-Looking-Report-1075427009.html\">this 2019 Sputnik article<\/a> by journalist <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/LavenderNRed\/status\/1133504342936424448?s=20\">Morgan Artyukhina<\/a> explains\u00a0was &#8220;founded in\u00a02004 with\u00a0money from\u00a0the CIA&#8217;s venture capital arm, In-Q-Tel.&#8221;<\/p><blockquote\nclass=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\"><p\nlang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">[Thread] Twitter is partnering with a crazy, hawkish, US-govt &amp; arms industry funded think tank to regulate false info online.<\/p><p>This should be alarming to anyone who cares about truth, free speech or peace, as my new <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MintPressNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MintPressNews<\/a> investigation explains:<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/t.co\/8Wi11qfpf3\">https:\/\/t.co\/8Wi11qfpf3<\/a><\/p><p>&mdash; Alan MacLeod (@AlanRMacLeod) <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AlanRMacLeod\/status\/1484241290564931587?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">January 20, 2022<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote><p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p><p>It has been <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/caityjohnstone.medium.com\/have-you-noticed-how-social-media-purges-always-align-with-the-us-empire-63293f1a22e2\">an established pattern for years<\/a>\u00a0that whenever Twitter reports that it has purged thousands of accounts which it suspects of inauthentic behavior on behalf of foreign governments, you know it&#8217;s never going to be accounts from US-aligned countries like the UK, Israel or Australia, but consistently from US-targeted nations like Russia, China, Venezuela or Iran. You can choose to believe that&#8217;s because the US only aligns with saintly governments who would never dream of engaging in unethical online behavior, but that would be an infantile position which <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/archive.ph\/GRkM7\">defies<\/a> all <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/israel-palestine-aqsa-attacks-uae-influencers-hasbara\">known<\/a> <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvoiceforlabour.org.uk\/article\/digital-manipulation-of-online-discussion-about-israel\/\">evidence<\/a>.<\/p><p>Since the start of the war in Ukraine, Twitter has been <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/2022\/03\/20\/caitlin-johnstone-the-jaw-dropping-power-of-us-propaganda\/\">aggressively boosting US narratives<\/a> about the war by frequently showing users a Twitter Topic without their having subscribed to it which is full of imperial spinmeisters, including The Kyiv Independent with all its\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/humanevents.com\/2022\/03\/15\/the-fog-of-information-war-in-ukraine\/\">shady CIA-affiliated origins<\/a>.<\/p><p>Twitter also promotes US narratives about the war by keeping a &#8220;War in Ukraine&#8221; section perpetually on the right-hand side of the screen for desktop users, which runs stories that are wildly biased toward the US\/NATO\/Ukraine alliance. There was a full day last month where any time I checked Twitter on my laptop <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/caitoz\/status\/1506016063510949889\">I was informed<\/a> that &#8220;Russia continues to strike civilian targets in Kyiv and across Ukraine.&#8221; The claim that Russia had been &#8220;targeting&#8221; civilians during that time was <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/putins-bombers-could-devastate-ukraine-hes-holding-back-heres-why-1690494\">dismissed as nonsense<\/a>\u00a0shortly thereafter by US military experts speaking to Newsweek.<\/p><blockquote\nclass=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\"><p\nlang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">This is the message desktop Twitter users are receiving at the top right of their screen. We talk a lot about Silicon Valley&#39;s role in facilitating US government censorship, but we should probably talk a lot more about its role in facilitating US government propaganda as well. <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/t.co\/PL9ms8gVU7\">pic.twitter.com\/PL9ms8gVU7<\/a><\/p><p>&mdash; Caitlin Johnstone \u23f3 (@caitoz) <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/caitoz\/status\/1506016063510949889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2022<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote><p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p><p>When the invasion began Twitter also started actively minimizing the number of people who see Russian media content,\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/TwitterSafety\/status\/1498344451751784448\" rel=\"\">saying<\/a>\u00a0that it is &#8220;reducing the content&#8217;s visibility&#8221; and &#8220;taking steps to significantly reduce the circulation of this content on Twitter&#8221;.\u00a0It also began placing warning labels on all Russia-backed media and delivering a pop-up message informing you that you are committing wrongthink if you try to share or even\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/caitoz\/status\/1498785059683598336\" rel=\"\">&#8216;like&#8217; a post<\/a>\u00a0linking to such outlets on the platform.<\/p><p>Twitter also began placing the label &#8220;<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/calebmaupin\/status\/1498329706889977866\" rel=\"\">Russia state-affiliated media<\/a>&#8221; on every tweet made by the personal accounts of employees of Russian media platforms, baselessly giving the impression that the dissident opinions tweeted by those accounts are paid Kremlin content and not simply their own legitimate perspectives. This labeling has led to <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/RachBlevins\/status\/1498623573338071040\">complaints of online harassment<\/a> as propaganda-addled dupes seek out targets to act out their media-instilled hatred of all things Russian.<\/p><p>As more and more people find themselves branded with the &#8220;Russia state-affiliated media&#8221; label, Twitter has concurrently announced that it will be hiding the visibility of any account that wears it, <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/yoyoel\/status\/1511374454152073222\">announcing on Tuesday<\/a> that the platform &#8220;will not amplify or recommend government accounts belonging to states that limit access to free information and are engaged in armed interstate conflict.&#8221; Which is a bit rich, considering the fact that the US does both of those things.<\/p><p>&#8220;This means these accounts won\u2019t be amplified or recommended to people on Twitter, including across the Home Timeline, Explore, Search, and other places on the service. We will first apply this policy to government accounts belonging to Russia,&#8221; <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/blog.twitter.com\/en_us\/topics\/company\/2022\/our-ongoing-approach-to-the-war-in-ukraine\">Twitter said<\/a>.<\/p><p>This diminished visibility <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/wyattreed13\/status\/1511462649179090949\">has been verified<\/a> by people who&#8217;ve been slapped with the &#8220;Russia state-affiliated media&#8221; label. So you can understand why imperial narrative managers whose job is to quash dissent <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/caitoz\/status\/1511479415557214208\">want that designation<\/a> applied to as many critics of the US empire as possible.<\/p><blockquote\nclass=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\"><p\nlang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Incredible. It appears every account hit w\/ the \u201cRussian state-affiliated media\u201d label is not only shadow banned from Twitter but banned from appearing in searches by new users\u2014all in the name of protecting free speech and democracy.<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/HelenaVillarRT?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@HelenaVillarRT<\/a><a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/RachBlevins?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@rachblevins<\/a><a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/afshinrattansi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@afshinrattansi<\/a> <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/t.co\/U9xb78U1FZ\">pic.twitter.com\/U9xb78U1FZ<\/a><\/p><p>&mdash; Wyatt Reed (@wyattreed13) <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/wyattreed13\/status\/1511462649179090949?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">April 5, 2022<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote><p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p><p>If you are curious why the &#8220;state-affiliated media&#8221; label has not been applied to Twitter accounts associated with government-funded outlets of the US and its allies like NPR and the BBC, it&#8217;s because Twitter has explicitly created a loophole to exclude those outlets from such a designation.<\/p><p>&#8220;State-financed media organizations with editorial independence, like the BBC in the UK or NPR in the US for example, are not defined as state-affiliated media for the purposes of this policy,&#8221; <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/state-affiliated\">Twitter&#8217;s rules say<\/a>.<\/p><p>Which is of course an absurd and arbitrary distinction. Whether you like George Galloway or not, I think anyone who&#8217;s familiar with his personality would agree that if anyone ever tried to take away his editorial independence and tell him what he is or isn&#8217;t permitted to say, it would take an entire team of surgeons to remove Galloway&#8217;s footwear from their personal anatomy. Many people who&#8217;ve worked with Russian media <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/archive.ph\/7NsT3#selection-2181.0-2181.93\">have said<\/a> they&#8217;ve <a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AbbyMartin\/status\/1499515654587568134\">never been told what to say<\/a>, and Galloway is surely one of them.<\/p><p>The audacity of a social media company which works hand-in-glove with the most powerful government on earth to go around branding people &#8220;state-affiliated media&#8221; is appalling. Twitter is state-affiliated media. It is an instrument of imperial narrative control, just like all the other billionaire Silicon Valley megacorporations of immense influence. Putin could only dream of having\u00a0state media that effective.<\/p><p>_____________________<\/p><p><em>My work is\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/caitlinjohnstone.com\/2021\/05\/24\/my-experiments-with-hacking-capitalism\/\" rel=\"\">entirely reader-supported<\/a>, so if you enjoyed this piece please consider sharing it around, following me on\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CaitlinAJohnstone\/\" rel=\"\">Facebook<\/a>,\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/caitoz\" rel=\"\">Twitter<\/a>,\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/going_rogue\" rel=\"\">Soundcloud<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/CaitlinJohnstone\/videos\" rel=\"\">YouTube<\/a>, or\u00a0throwing some money into my tip jar on\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/ko-fi.com\/caitlinjohnstone\" rel=\"\">Ko-fi<\/a>,\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/user?u=4445783\" rel=\"\">Patreon<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/paypal.me\/caitlinjohnstone\" rel=\"\">Paypal<\/a>. If you want to read more you can\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/caityjohnstone.medium.com\/books-by-caitlin-johnstone-a5a5e6f71772\" rel=\"\">buy my books<\/a>. The best way to make sure you see the stuff I publish is to subscribe to the mailing list for at\u00a0<a\nhref=\"http:\/\/caitlinjohnstone.com\/\" rel=\"\">my website<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/caitlinjohnstone.substack.com\/\" rel=\"\">on Substack<\/a>, which will get you an email notification for everything I publish.\u00a0Everyone, racist platforms excluded,\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@caityjohnstone\/i-permanently-release-all-copyrights-to-all-my-writing-use-any-of-it-however-you-want-9ad929b92d42\" rel=\"\">has my permission<\/a>\u00a0to republish, use or translate any part of this work (or anything else I\u2019ve written) in any way they like free of charge.\u00a0For more info on who I am, where I stand, and what I\u2019m trying to do with this platform,\u00a0<a\nhref=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@caityjohnstone\/11-things-you-should-know-about-me-and-where-im-coming-from-a6b9ddf9806e\" rel=\"\">click here<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p><div\nclass=\"captioned-image-container\"> <figure><a\nclass=\"image-link image2\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.substack.com\/image\/fetch\/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb397d434-3664-4a07-8d0e-8543666c1b98_514x239.png\"  rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img\nclass=\"sizing-normal\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.substack.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb397d434-3664-4a07-8d0e-8543666c1b98_514x239.png\" sizes=\"100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.substack.com\/image\/fetch\/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb397d434-3664-4a07-8d0e-8543666c1b98_514x239.png 424w, https:\/\/cdn.substack.com\/image\/fetch\/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb397d434-3664-4a07-8d0e-8543666c1b98_514x239.png 848w, https:\/\/cdn.substack.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb397d434-3664-4a07-8d0e-8543666c1b98_514x239.png 1272w, https:\/\/cdn.substack.com\/image\/fetch\/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb397d434-3664-4a07-8d0e-8543666c1b98_514x239.png 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"514\" height=\"239\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/b397d434-3664-4a07-8d0e-8543666c1b98_514x239.png&quot;,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:239,&quot;width&quot;:514,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null}\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div><p>Bitcoin donations:1Ac7PCQXoQoLA9Sh8fhAgiU3PHA2EX5Zm2<\/p> \n<p class=\"syndicated-attribution\">This post was originally published on <a href=\"https:\/\/caitlinjohnstone.com\/2022\/04\/08\/twitter-is-state-affiliated-media\/\">Caitlin Johnstone<\/a>. <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Listen to a reading of this article: \u2756 British politician and broadcaster George Galloway has made headlines in the UK with his threat to press legal action against Twitter for designating his account \u201cRussia state-affiliated media\u201d, a label which will now show up under his [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":557,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1775,92,13888,4,583,24,4568,16,739,376],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/595766"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/557"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=595766"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/595766\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":596650,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/595766\/revisions\/596650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=595766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=595766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/radiofree.asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=595766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}